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Germany and the Holocaust, 2008.
This paper examines two analyses of the history of European Jews, "The War Against the Jews" by Lucy S. Dawidowicz and "The Destruction of the European Jews" by Raul Hilberg.
2,405 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Lucy S. Dawidowicz's and Raul Hilberg's analyses of the history of European Jews. The paper discusses how both authors describe the nature of the process of the annihilation of the Jew and the way Germany was organized to carry it out, but Dawidowicz focuses more on the victims and how they reacted and what happened to them, while Hilberg focuses more on the machinery of death and on the lack of morality of so many functionaries and workers who assisted in the process.
From the Paper
"Much of the Holocaust was indeed carried out by career civil servants, military personnel, and others in the private sector. The Holocaust itself thus became routinized so that it was carried on as if it were any other government activity. Two reasons given for the participation of ordinary men and women include obedience to authority, and the modern era's pursuit of specialization so that people could perform their part without knowing what the whole entailed, or without admitting what the whole entailed. It may be impossible to determine one reason why the many man involved committed the acts they did, for any general explanation is certain to be applicable only to a percentage of the whole. One force that we can see as operating in this case is the conditioning of society so that people respect and defer to authority. In this case, the society itself had a certain tradition of racism which affected these men and women and determined what they were being asked to do."
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Why the Holocaust Happened in Germany, 2007.
This paper explores the idea that the Holocaust was not an exclusive event chosen by the German people due to their hatred of Jews.
1,521 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Raul Hilberg and Christopher Browning's understanding of how the Holocaust happened. The paper discusses their claim that the Holocaust was not an exclusive event chosen by the German people due to their hatred for Jews, but was due to a combination of factors including the administrative smoothness of the operation, the impersonal quality of the killing and the belief that it had to do with the frailty of human beings in general. The paper concludes by refuting the argument presented by Daniel Goldhagen that the Holocaust was an exclusively German event. The paper uses MLA style footnotes but does not append a bibliography.
From the Paper
"The pivotal question to the debate on the Holocaust is whether it could have happened only in Germany by ethnically German people, or whether it was a set of various factors that would produce the same results regardless of the ethnicity of the people. Hilberg argues that being German was irrelevant, and that such a thing could happen in any society even today. The Holocaust was not executed by the German people because of some deep-seeded German hatred for Jews, but instead was able to occur due to the vast German bureaucratic system. The "final solution" did not consist of a single department staffed with specialists in destruction, but instead it was a multi-pronged operation of a highly decentralized apparatus, which included all parts of German society, its ministries, armed forces, party formations, and industry."
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Pre-Holocaust and Post-Holocaust Jewish Literature, 2004.
Looks at how the Holocaust has affected Jewish literature by comparing short stories about similar subjects.
2,053 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the content and tone of two short stories, "If Not Higher" by I.L. Peretz and "?The Kozshenitser Rebe? by Binyamin Orenshtayn, in an effort to determine if the authors were affected by the Holocaust and the great wars that took place between the time the two stories were written. The paper concludes that the authors were indeed affected by these events, as was Jewish literature in general, and, by comparing the literature, we can see a shift from a religious and faith centered approach to life to a socially motivated and political approach to life.
From the Paper
"The Yiddish short story ?If Not Higher? by I.L. Peretz was published in Warsaw in 1900, decades before the holocaust. Fifty years later, the short supposedly true story of ?The Kozshenitser Rebe? was published in Yiddish by Orenshtayn in a book of memorials to Jewish leaders. Both stories tell of the behavior of a specific (assumably Hassidic) rebe on an important Jewish holiday. However, apart from this basic similarity, these two stories are radically different. This may be partly a function of having different authors and of coming from different historical areas. However, if the differences between style and content with these two works is indicative not of the personal styles of the authors, then one is left with another option: namely that the striking differences between these two works is a result of the holocaust and the slaughter of the Jewry of Eastern European. If these two works are representative of the short story genre before and after the holocaust, then it appears that this traumatic event may have drastically changed the way that Eastern European Jews view themselves and their culture."
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The Transformation of Germany, 2008.
An examination of the history of Germany from World War I until today.
3,395 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Germany's economic and political development throughout the world wars and up until the twenty first century. The paper explains that what was formerly West Germany, now part of the re-unified Germany, achieved a major period of development after World War II to become the economic powerhouse in Europe. The paper looks at how after the first World War, the victorious Allies sought both to punish Germany and to assure that Germany would not be able to attack her neighbors again. The effort failed and, in fact, backfired giving Germany more reason to try to reassert her power. The paper points out that after World War II, the victors handled the situation differently, dividing Germany in two and imposing various means of monitoring the situation. The paper then discusses how Germany remained divided until the fall of the Soviet Union, after which East and West Germany re-united. In conclusion, the paper shows that the nation clearly made a major shift after World War II and continues to benefit from that shift to this day.
Outline:
The Unified German State
Germany After World War II
West Germany
Germany and Europe
Germany Recovery
Reunification
From the Paper
"At the end of World War I, curtailing German power and punishing her for her transgressions was coupled with direct efforts to eliminate the German problem. The war had taken its toll on Germany, which is why the other European powers were able to force her to sue for peace. World War I was seen as the triumph of Western liberalism represented by the British, American, and French traditions, over the German Bismarckian tradition. The changing of the borders of Germany and the accompanying creation of new national states that also adopted the liberal traditions showed which tradition had won."
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Germany-Then and Now, 2006.
A look back at the reunification of East Germany with West Germany and what obstacles had to be overcome in order to achieve reunification.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 7 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
The unification of former East Germany and former West Germany back into the singular Germany as it was prior to World War II in 1989 is commonly cited as a text book scenario of healing ideological and economic divisions between rival states. It also is quoted often as model of reunification for North and South Korea to follow in their eventual reunification as well. Yet, how difficult was the execution of the reunification of East and West Germany? This paper presents a brief examination of each countries' economy prior to reunification, as it reveals much regarding the hurdles that had to be overcome regarding the recombination of German society within the framework of a homogeneous political and economic paradigm.
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The Economy of Nazi Germany, 2004.
Looks at the economic conditions of pre-Nazi Germany and Nazi Germany.
2,457 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at Nazi Germany's attempts at the economic recovery of the nation. Hitler's priorities concerning the economic recovery of Germany, programs initiated by Nazi Germany to stimulate the economy, and the principles of Hitler's four-year plan are discussed in this paper.
From the Paper
"In the early 1930?s, Germany was plagued by unemployment and stagnant growth despite efforts by the administration to alleviate the country?s economic difficulties. The economic liberalization of the banking system was one of few cautionary steps taken by administrations prior to Hitler to boost Germany?s failing industries. This all changed following the Nazi rise to power; two notable banking acts passed in 1934 and 1936 effectively converted the banking system into Hitler?s personal lender, allowing him to replace commercial borrowing with the various savings institutes that would allow him to re-build the German army. In this period, wages were frozen and the armaments business boomed, while individuals suffered as wages were frozen at their pre-Hitler-era rate. Meanwhile, the government was able to continue to borrow money from Germany?s savings banks to contribute to the building of the military."
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An Analysis of the Occupation of Germany Post-WWII, 2001.
A look at Germany?s history and whether post WWII Germany was better suited to a capitalist or communist regime.
3,960 words (approx. 15.8 pages), 10 sources, $ 107.95
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Abstract
This essay researches Germany?s history from industrialization to the post modern period in an effort to relate Germany?s history and economic development to the way fascism and Nazism developed. From there, it is investigated whether Soviet rule in the east, or Allied rule in the west better suited Germany?s historical developments. It was the allied capitalist system that better suited Germany, as seen in the ?West German Miracle?.
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Religious Intolerance in Germany, 2005.
This paper traces the history of religious intolerance in Germany to present times.
2,875 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that despite strong laws against religious discrimination in its new constitution, there is still wide spread religious intolerance in Germany, which again was acerbated with the reunification because, although Western Germany's population had been carefully reeducated against Nazism, Eastern Germany's population has not had the same experience. The author points out that Germany's problems with religious persecution did not begin with Hitler and the Nazis, they go as far back as Charlemagne, King of the Franks, a Germanic tribe, creator of the first European central government in the Middle Ages, who was inhospitable not only with the Jews but also with the pagan Saxons, another Germanic tribe. The paper relates that the Christian anti-Semitism of Martin Luther, which was part of the tradition of Medieval Christian anti-Semitism, laid the social and cultural basis for modern anti-Semitism, although modern anti-Semitism was based on the pseudo-scientific notions of race.
Table of Contents
Religious Persecution in Medieval Germany
Persecution of the Pagan Saxons
Religious Persecution of the Jews in Medieval Germany
Anti-Semitism during the Reformation
Germany's Long History of Religious Divisiveness
Religious Intolerance in Germany Today
A Possible Cure?
From the Paper
"The Capitulary went on to make any practice of this earlier religion not only a sin against the Church but also a crime against the State. The Capitulary stated that if any one shall have formed a conspiracy with the pagans against the Christians, or shall have wished to join with them in opposition to the Christians, let him be punished by death. It went to demand that whoever shall have consented to this same fraudulently against the king and the Christian people, let him be punished by death. Finally, the Capitulary decreed that if any one shall have shown himself unfaithful to the lord king; let him be punished with a capital sentence.
Charlemagne eradicated any open pagan practices in Medieval Europe; he also had many recalcitrant practitioners of the pagan religion killed for not converting to Christianity and paying their tithes."
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Germany?s Environmental Policy after Reunification, 2004.
This paper is evaluates the integration and achievements of Germany?s environmental policy after reunification.
9,415 words (approx. 37.7 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 193.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, many years ago, the development of a systematic environmental policy began in Germany; but the reunification of the two German states (Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic), in 1990 created a great new challenge for German environmental policy because of the extensive environmental damage in the former GDR and because of the major economic crisis that started during this time. The author points out that the most remarkable result of increased environmental awareness was the development of an ?eco-industry,? a new manufacturing sector that develops pollution-control devices and other environmentally useful equipment. The paper concludes that the constantly changing world of politics requires innovative strategies to keep up with these changes; therefore, all available economic resources, environmental group leadership, and public environmental support, including the Green Party, should combine to overcome the obstacles created by potential economic and environmental tradeoffs.
Table of Contents
Literature Review
A Brief Review of Germany?s Environmental History
Integration of Systems and Policies
Energy and Environmental Policy
Environmental Programs and Initiatives
Methodology
Results of Study
Organizational Structure of Environmental Protection in Germany
The Environment
Germany?s Future
Economic and Political Options for Environmental Protection in Germany
Traditional Features of German Environmental Policy
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Regulations and government actions to protect nature and human beings against environmentally hazardous activities of commercial and industrial firms have a long history in Germany. Environmental protection is anchored in private and public law, including building, public health and sanitation, and police laws. The Water Rights Act and the Factories Act set the standard for many subsequent laws. The various regulations created to prevent offensive emissions from becoming a nuisance to health and property were systematized and concentrated for the first time in the Prussian Industrial Statute of 1845."
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Fascism in Nazi Germany, 2004.
An overview of the causes of the rise and spread of Fascism in 1930s Germany.
4,244 words (approx. 17.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 112.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how many critics and theorists have speculated about the reasons behind fascism and the horror of the holocaust in Nazi Germany before and during the Second World War, how violence was prevalent, and how Hitler used it to alternately intimidate and incite his followers. It attempts to determine the roots of these causes by examining the historical and social context that made Germany so ripe for fascism and dictatorship by 1933.
Outline
Historical Context: The Weimar Republic
World War 1 and Political Upheaval
The Treaty of Versailles
The Economy
Hitler and the Socialist Workers? Party
The Golden Era
The Rise of Hitler and Fascism
Social Context: Functionalism
Structural Functionalism
Function
Structures
Interdependence
Equilibrium
Consensus
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The German political structure in World War I (from 1916) had been subordinate to the military. At this time the country was an Empire, ruled by the Oberste Heeresleitung (OHL), or the Supreme Army Command. The Chief of Staff at this time was Paul von Hindenburg. At the end of the War the OHL installed a civil government for the benefit of the remainder of Germany after the war. The 1971 constitution was then amended. The Reich (Empire) had become a parliamentary democracy. The Parliament, or the Reichstag, instead of the Emperor, was now responsible for the political welfare of Germany. Such welfare was almost unattainable however, as the end of war meant returning soldiers. The fact that many of these soldiers were wounded both physically and psychologically brought chaos to the German society."
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The Turks In Germany, 1995.
Examines the plight of repressed Turkic "guest workers" in contemporary Germany. Focuses on the alleged atmosphere of hate and violence rampant in Germany today.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"Statement of Purpose
The following paper will examine some of the ethnocultural determinants surrounding the treatment of Turks in present-day Germany. Determinants of ethnocultural identity such as race, religion, class, and power, as well as causal factors of inter-ethnic conflict such as state repression, economic inequality/class conflict,migration/expulsion, and fear of persecution/extermination will all be examined. It will be shown that the formation of a collective consciousness, specifically one aimed at uniting all of the European Community, would better determine the identities of future generations."
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International Trade in Germany, 2008.
A discussion of the recent decline and recovery of international trade in Germany.
1,005 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview on Germany's international trade activity. The paper maintains that Germany is one of the most powerful states in the world at the present time. It points out that due to its technologically powerful economy, Germany is the fifth largest economy in the world, and economic statistics show a maintaining similar position for the following years. The paper discusses Germany's trade relationships with the United states, as well as countries throughout Europe and Asia. The paper concludes that Germany's continuous modernization process ensures the country's success in international trade activity.
From the Paper
"However, Germany managed to make a comeback in 2006 due to implementing a series of labor market reforms. These reforms started to be implemented during the former government that was ruled by Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder. The implementation of these reforms continues during the current government ruled by Chancellor Angela Merkel, but they are supported by other reforms of measures initiated recently. As a consequence, 2006 brought a reduced budget deficit within the European Union's 3% debt limit. Unemployment was reduced to 7%. The overall economic growth in 2006 was of 2.2%."
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The Educational System in Germany, 1992.
An overview and analysis of Germany's educational system. It describes the effects of historical events such as World War II and the re-unification of Germany. Also discussed is the current state educational system.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Germany
The Federal Republic of Germany has carried its educational system over into the newly-unified Germany. The traditional educational system in Germany was developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and codified by the Weimar Republic in the early decades of this century. The Nazis altered the traditional structure to suit their own concepts. Educational reform followed the war, and attempts were made in 1953 to make the educational system more uniform throughout the L?nder. More sweeping reforms were instituted in the 1970s. However, each of the L?nder (divisions of the country similar to counties) is largely autonomous in education, making it impossible to gain a consensus regarding uniformity for the school system."
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Microsoft's Effects on Germany, 2007.
This paper discusses how the global company "Microsoft" has affected Germany both positively and negatively.
1,618 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that, after its foundation in New Mexico in 1975, Microsoft opened branches in France and Germany in 1983. The writer points out that the branch in Germany became one of the most prosperous centers upon which Microsoft relies. The writer maintains that the interaction between the American corporation and the German culture was considered to be a prolific one due to its results in the public sector, charity actions or employment politics. The writer then looks at the effects on Germany by the Microsoft company. The writer concludes that no one can deny Microsoft's positive impact on Germany, but claims that this must not be used as a screen for its reprobatory actions that should be made public by the mass-media according to their gravity.
From the Paper
"First of all, one could mention the significant role that Microsoft played in the German Government's attempt to modernize public administration. The company exchanged expertise with the German Federal Ministry of the Interior for increasing IT security and took part in the SAGA expert circle within the institution for bringing e-Government applications to a superior stage. Moreover, at a state level, it helped Niedersachsen's judiciary to develop specialized court procedures and to enhance its relationship with citizens, companies and authorities by implementing the concept of e-Justice and a hotline allowing to receive external calls and to make public announcement of insolvency proceedings."
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Italy and Germany, 2002.
This paper analyzes the similarities and relationships in the history of Italy and Germany.
1,280 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 26 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that German and Italian history has always been intertwined, from the powerful Hapsburgs who ruled Austria, and thus much of Italy, to Mussolini and his alliance with Nazi Germany. The paper states that Germany's history has always revolved around power and control, and Italy has always been a weaker and less dominant country. The author concludes that it is not surprising that Germany and Italy had such close political ties because, historically, they were very much alike and faced many of the same historical struggles side by side.
From the Paper
"Eventually, Napoleon conquered Italy and Austria. Austria gained Venice, and many of Italy's cities joined and turned themselves into republics. France gained some of Northern Italy. "Thus in the short space of eighteen months the whole of Italy was transformed into a group of republics kept in existence by the presence of French armies." In time, the French were deposed, and Italy gained her freedom, but the treatment of Italy by France, who professed to "liberty and freedom," had been a time of oppression and violence, and it embittered Italians to the French. This hatred of the French was one thing that drew the Germans and Italians together in later history. However, while Napoleon ruled Italy for fourteen years, the lifestyle of most Italians improved, the feudal system disappeared, and improvements that are more modern came to the country, such as roads and bridges. France built up Italy much more than Austria did, but Austria still ruled much of Italy, and Austria also fought Napoleon, but not for revolution, but for liberation. "Thus, the War of Liberation (1812-14) against Napoleon became Germany's substitute for the national revolution; notably in Prussia, it hammered the king, the upper classes, and the people into one fatherland." Napoleon ultimately created a more unified Germany, and a more unified Italy, and both countries detested the French."
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