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Food & Drug Administration (FDA), 1996.
Analyzes bureaucratic problems, focusing on approval of new drugs. Organization, powers, consumer safety, deregulation, examples, impact of drug companies, reform.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 17 sources, $ 127.95
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From the Paper
"Twenty-five percent of the American consumer dollar is spent on products regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Each day in America there can hardly be an individual or, for that matter, a pet or stock animal that does not eat foods, take drugs or use devices that have been, at some stage, regulated by the FDA. The control of such a vast array of products has generated a large bureaucracy that has been under intensifying siege for the last fifteen years. The terms of the siege vary considerably. The deregulating impulses motivating the Reagan-Bush administrations produced as much criticism of the FDA as have the pro-regulation feelings of consumer advocacy groups. The agency has been criticized for its excessive indulgence of the industries it regulates and it has been accused by these same industries of producing pointless barriers to economic and..."
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Food and Drug Administration, 2007.
This paper analyzes the Food and Drug Administration in the United States.
3,184 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the history, aims and actions of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The writer notes that during its evolution, the Food and Drug Administration has encountered numerous important problems which have created the necessity to enact and implement many laws and legislation. The writer discusses that the FDA petitioned for changes in laws concerning, among other issues, the quality of foods and the therapeutic claims of drugs. In conclusion, the writer maintains that the Food and Drug Administration is a professional and ever-evolving agency which has acted not only as a pioneer but has also maintained itself as a world leader in its field. Of course, leadership is a lonely road and despite recent criticism and media backlash, the writer feels that the agency has done an excellent job protecting the American people and has upheld its mission statement to the best of its ability.
From the Paper
"Generally speaking, drugs were considered adulterated when their standards of strength, quality, or purity differed or fell below that of the United States Pharmacopoeia or National Formulary. Misbranding occurred when drugs were imitated, offered for sale under the name of another product, and/or the contents of the package having been wholly or partly removed with other contents put in its place. Misbranding also took place when the package failed to state the presence of alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, heroine, alpha or beta eucaine, chloroform, cannabis indica, chloral hydrate or acetanilide on its labeling. Confectionaries were considered adulterated when they contained alcohol, any narcotic drug, terra alba, barites, talc, chrome yellow, other mineral substances, poisonous colors or ingredients detrimental to one's health."
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Food & Drug Administration, 1993.
Origins, functions, approval process, powers & implementation, organization and rule-making of this corporation.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
" INTRODUCTION
The federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a complex organization with diverse responsibilities. Although now considered essential to the well-being of the nation, federal regulation of food and drugs has not always existed. This paper will explore the FDA's regulatory functions by first examining how the organization came to fill the regulatory void in food and drug law. Attention will then be given to the more important aspects of regulation, including a structural analysis of the FDA's functions. After examination of agency functions, the rulemaking powers and procedures of the FDA will be analyzed in detail.
REGULATORY FUNCTIONS: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
The regulation of food and drugs is not a newfound.."
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Food and Drug Administration, 1993.
A look at the structure, purpose and regulatory process.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 31.95
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From the Paper
"The Food and Drug Administration
The roots of the Food and Drug Administration date back to 1906, making it the oldest federal consumer protection agency.1 It currently derives its authority from the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act,2 under section 393.3 This section establishes the FDA in the Department of Health and Human Services and under the authority of the Public Health Service.4 This section also provides that the Commissioner of Food and Drugs must be appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate.5 Under the regulations, the Secretary delegates authority, by way of the Assistant Secretary for Health, to the Commissioner,6 regarding functions vested in the Secretary under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the Filled Milk Act,7 the Federal Import Milk Act,8 the Tea Importation Act,9 the..."
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Drugs That Are Not FDA Approved, 2002.
Explores some of the legal and ethical issues surrounding the legal sale of drugs that have not been approved by the FDA.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates many of the products you use in every day life. Yet, there are many drugs on the market that have not been approved by the FDA. This paper examines the legal and ethical issues that surround these lawful, yet unapproved by the FDA, drugs that are on the market.
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The Morning After Pill, 2007.
A discussion on the FDA's (Food and Drug Administration) decision to not approve the morning-after pill for over-the-counter sales.
1,273 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The writer argues that the morning-after pill is one more strategy for controlling reproduction. The paper examines how the pill offers women a second chance to avoid an unwanted pregnancy, a "Plan B" to go to if the first plan fails. The paper further examines how emergency contraception is safe and reliable and effective for nearly 90% of women. The writer concludes that taking a morning-after pill is far from irresponsible; it makes good sense.
From the Paper
"Emergency contraception is extremely safe. A combined dose of four 50-microgram pills is only about 1/3 of the estrogen contained in a month's supply of birth control pills. Women in the 1960s, when birth control pills first came out, took 50-micrograms every single day! Other medicines, which were once prescription-only, have become over the counter medicines with no problems--why not this needed product? Ferriman (1996) reports, "Nine out of ten women who have had abortions say they would have preferred to use emergency contraception if they had known about it." She also states that 70% of abortions could be prevented by emergency contraception."
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Herbal Supplements and the FDA, 2005.
Examines the herbal supplement industry in the United States and their regulation by the Food and Drug Administration.
1,489 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
In the United States, the government and its agencies do not maintain the same regulation of herbal remedies in the same way that they ensure the safety of other foods and medicines. Furthermore, while these products were once the mainstay of only such minute groups as vegetarians and other counterculture types, they have now become widely popular among the general public as the widespread assumptions about their safety and naturalness has permeated contemporary society. The paper argues that, on the other hand, many professionals within the medical community conversely claim that the dietary supplement industry is selling modern day snake oil that has no proven safety or efficiency. In the end, both factions are correct, and in spite of the natural base of herbs and dietary supplements that can make these products appealing even when traditional medicines are not appropriate, these items are also powerful medicinal agents. The paper shows, therefore, that due to the public's lack of ability to make informed decisions surrounding these products, the Food and Drug Administration must be granted the same sovereignty over herbal remedies and vitamins that it maintains over other foods and medicines.
From the Paper
"Still, one reason that some people believe that it is not necessary for the government to become involved in this industry is indeed largely because of the mistaken belief that these agents are safe merely because they are natural. In fact, according to one 1997 poll, more than half of consumers who use natural remedies are convinced that they are equally as safe and effective as traditional treatments like aspirin ( Greenberger 1077). However, since 1994 there have been reports of at least 34 deaths and nearly 900 adverse reactions--including heart-rhythm disturbances, heart attacks and strokes associated with supplements that contain one herbal stimulant that is often taken to boost energy and to lose weight (Josefson 1440)."
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Public Administration: Four Major Administrative Traditions, 2004.
This paper reviews four fundamentally different intellectual traditions and offers input as to where the ?public administration? of the U.S. is in 2003.
1,425 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces the issue of public administration and then discusses four major theories of public administration: the Hamiltonian Tradition, the Jeffersonian Tradition, the Madisonian Tradition, and Wilsonian Tradition. The paper then compares these traditions and provides an analysis of the traditions and today?s U.S. executive administration.
From the Paper
"Alexander Hamilton?s insistence on a strong executive branch was not based solely on his desire to push his own philosophy of public administration on the young nation. He had seen the failure of the Articles of Confederation in its attempt to solidify the country; states quarreled about everything before ratifying the Articles, and some even went out on a limb and had their own foreign policy. States couldn?t agree on paying for a national army, nor on taxation and spending. Hamilton?s balancing act was, how does the country create an executive ?powerful enough to make the government strong? (Kettl, page 30) and yet how does the country prevent a concentration of too much authority and power in the White House? Hamilton had plenty of experience in executive decision-making, as he was the very first treasury secretary in the nation; and it was his authorship of documents on public credit, national banking, and manufacturing that later formed the basis of the executive branch of national government."
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Electronic Medication Administration, 2008.
This paper determines the effects electronic medication administration records (EMARs) have had on reducing medication administration errors and improving patient safety.
1,639 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper addresses the hypothesis that the use of electronic medication administration records (EMARs) should significantly improve overall medication administration accuracy in terms of efficiency, effectiveness and safety of medication administration. The paper shows how electronic methods remove risks of inattention or fatigue and maintains that patient safety should not be compromised by unnecessary and preventable clerical errors in medication administration.
Outline:
Introduction
Significance to Nursing
Review of Literature
Summary
From the Paper
"Presently, error reduction in patient identification in hospital relies on accuracy of data collection and strict adherence to procedures ensuring the relay of patient data is error-free. This often involves a "human factor," because the steps involved, from the recording of data to signing out blood from the blood bank involves one or more personnel, each prone to errors, most especially when tasks are repetitive and fatigue sets in. Usually, these extreme situations are avoided but not totally. In this sense, another solution must be found to further reduce patient identification errors in blood transfusions."
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Philippine Public Administration Reform, 2008.
Examines the concepts, issues and prospects for public administration reform and economic development in the Philippines.
13,635 words (approx. 54.5 pages), 35 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that public administration, within the context of public sector governance, plays a key role in Philippine economic development. The author points out that major issues and factors vital to the attainment economic development of the Philippine are encompassed within the sphere of public administration and governance. This paper argues that crucial to better prospects for the Philippine economy are improvements in fiscal and administrative performance of public institutions and the public sector in general. The paper reviews some key macroeconomic issues affecting economic growth in the Philippines and attempts to give some insights into perplexing questions as to why the Philippine economy remain sluggish.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Public Administration Reform for Economic Development: A Conceptual Framework
Review of Related Literature: Economic Development and Role of Public Administration
Institutions and Economic Development
The Public Sector in Economic Development
Information Market Failure
Spillovers
Sunk Investment
Social Impacts
Political Pressure
Aspects of Public Finance and Growth
On Public Administration Reform and Economic Development
Fiscal Administration
Bureaucratic Efficiency and Innovation
Transparency and Accountability
Rule of Law and Judicial Reforms
Review of the Philippine Situation: Administration
of Economic Development
On Fiscal Administration
On Bureaucratic Efficiency and Innovation: Rationalization Program of Government
On Transparency and Accountability
On Rule of Law and Judicial Reforms
Implications to Prospects for Economic Development
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Efforts on mainstreaming transparency and accountability principles practices in government operations and anti-corruption measures still remain such a formidable challenge and progress have been lacking. This is very important area for reform since it has been found out that perceptions of corruption and weakness in government to maintain and promote the rule of law has far-reaching negative economic implications. Hence sincere effort has to start somewhere."
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Information Technology and E-Government in Public Administration, 2008.
A literature review to study information technology (IT) and e-government in public administration.
4,045 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the implementation and deployment of information technology (IT) solutions in public administration have tended to strengthen the hierarchical bureaucracies already in place instead of transforming these processes. The author then identifies propositions and barriers to effective e-governance. The paper concludes that e-governance has a long way to go in actually delivering public service administration via the Internet. A better understanding of the potential of public administration via the Internet is critical for public administration employees and officials if the benefits of e-governance are to be realized in a manner that truly benefits the public. Several tables and figures are included with the paper.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Theoretical Ideal of Information Technology Examined
Key Issues in E-Government and Public Administration
E-Government Initiatives and Local Government
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The second reform proposition claiming that IT has the power to change the structure of an organization and was therefore a tool for reform is "grounded in the belief that information technology can directly impact the data structure of public administration enforcing or relaxing traditional hierarchical forms." The main-frame computer was viewed from the perspective of being a consolidator of data and expertise which resulted in a reinforcing of hierarchical organizational structures and this is upheld in research findings."
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The Bush Administration and Lobbying, 2002.
An examination of factors which influence decision making in the Bush Administration.
4,150 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 151.95
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Abstract
This paper explores how the Bush Administration is driven by concerns from industry, including oil and transportation, and that this might arguably impact national policy. Currently, the environmentalist movement is worried because many of the members of the Bush Administration are themselves former lobbyists for industry and fuel businesses. This paper investigates the current policies of the Bush Administration and their interests in industry- related lobbies. This paper shall be written with an emphasis on environmentalism in order to demonstrate why some organizations feel that the industries and the Bush Administration are too closely connected at this time.
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Public versus Private Personnel Administration, 2004.
An analysis of the differences between public and private personnel administration.
2,734 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and compares the theories of public personnel administration and private personnel administration. The paper contends that the theorists of the past such as Ogburn, Machiavelli and Marx have offered many great contributions to our current understanding of public and private administration. These theorists' ideas are examined in the paper. The paper concludes with the belief that there is a clear indication that public administration is directly dependent on the social system as well as the system of production prevalent in society.
From the Paper
"The practice of public personnel administration has evolved in a continuum from the Classical Management theory, through shifting emphasis on Behaviouralism, Systems theory and Contingency theory (Haque & Ahmed, 1992). Past research and theorists have suggested that the development of modern management thought and practice can be traced by examining the evolution of societies as they have passed from pre-industrial economic structure. This development applies to public personnel administration as well, as there appears to be a correlation between a complicated system of production and the progress of the techniques of administration (Haque & Ahmed, 1992). "
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Medication Administration Errors, 2004.
An examination of what nurses perceive as the causative factors contributing to medication administration errors.
1,742 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, too often, health care systems do not take the time necessary to define causative factors for medication administration errors and how, rather, it is more convenient to simply assign blame. It looks at how studies suggest that medication administration errors are on the rise and how far more errors happen than are currently reported. It proposes a study to investigate how health care systems contribute to medication administration errors and to better define exactly what critical factors are most to blame for those errors. It aims to examine the notion that systematic errors are in large part to blame for administration errors, rather than individual errors. It also intends to develop a framework for identifying potential causes for errors, thus supplying nursing care professionals much needed tools to enable them to prevent such errors.
Outline
Introduction
Background of Problem
Significance of the Problem
Problem Statement
Conceptual Framework
Preliminary Literature Review
Method
Research Design
Data Collection Procedure
Ethical Considerations
From the Paper
"In a health care environment, a system may be defined as the following: an integrated delivery system, a centrally owned multi-hospital system, an operating room, an obstetrical unit or an oncology unit (NAP, n.d.: 45). To understand how errors might happen in a system, one must first examine the more far reaching elements of a system. For example, the operating room can be tied to the larger surgical department, which is part of a hospital, which is ?part of a larger health care delivery system? (NAP, n.d.:45). This makes the process of identifying an error within the system more challenging, because there are greater areas to examine."
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