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An Analysis of Ethics and False Advertisement, 2002.
This business ethics paper discusses ethics in advertising, examines the issues involved, and includes a summary of the facts.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This nine-page business ethics paper discusses ethics in advertising, examines the issues involved, and includes a summary of the facts. The author analyzes a list of the potential solutions, provides a pro and con evaluation summary for each potential solution, and selects the best solution. He then provides analysis and justification for his reasoning, while stating ethical and philosophies and identifying obstacles likely to be encountered in implementing the solution.
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False Confessions, 2006.
This paper reviews an experiment relating to false confessions as conducted and reported by Saul M. Kassin and Katherine L. Kiechel (1996) in the article "The Social Psychology of False Confessions: Compliance, Internalization, and Confabulation".
1,040 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines research about coerced-internalized false confessions, which occur when innocent suspects actually believe that he or she is guilty of the crime; many of which are the result of police interrogation in which deceptive and deceitful practices may be used and accepted by the judicial system. The author points out that the article "The Social Psychology of False Confessions" tested the hypothesis that the presentation of false evidence can lead individuals who are vulnerable to confess to an act, which they did not commit, and, more important, to internalize the confession and perhaps confabulate details in memory consistent with that new belief. The paper relates that the researchers used an experimental method, which the paper describes, and concludes that this experiment was well-executed and well-reported.
From the Paper
"There were two independent variables in this experiment. First, the subject's level of vulnerability was manipulated by varying the pace of the task. Therefore, the confederate read at either a fast or slow pace. Second, the experimenters varied the use of false incrimination evidence. The confederates either "witnessed" or acknowledged the mistake or some confederates did not "witness", or see the subject touch the ALT key. The dependent variable was the confessions. Three forms of social influence were evaluated: compliance, internalization, and confabulation. To assess compliance, the experimenter handwrote a confession and asked the subject to sign it. "
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Psychological Interrogation & False Confessions: A Literature Review, 2001.
A review of literature on psychological interrogation methods, false confessions and their implications.
4,738 words (approx. 19.0 pages), 28 sources, APA, $ 121.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that while the use of psychological interrogation methods is currently permissible by the courts in Canada, Great Britain and the U.S.A., many researchers argue that psychological interrogation is, in essence, no different than blatant coercion. Confession Law has slowly evolved over time alongside the evolution of interrogation methods. The paper discusses how prior to the 18th Century, English Common Law accepted confessions without any restrictions, which allowed confessions extracted through torture to be accepted as viable representations of objective truth. Today, the bottom line on the admissibility of confessions is that they are "typically excluded if elicited by physical violence, by a threat of harm or punishment, by a promise of leniency or immunity from prosecution, or by failure to notify a suspect of his or her constitutional rights to counsel and silence" (Kassin & McNall, 1991). The paper shows that despite these seemingly stringent laws regarding the admissibility of confessions, psychological interrogation methods are adept at circumventing the law, and continue to employ methods that run the risk of eliciting false confessions. This paper reviews the literature on Psychological Interrogation methods, false confessions and the implications of both.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Psychological Interrogation Tactics
Inside the Interrogation Room
Custodial Legal Advice & The Right to Silence
Psychological Interrogation Functioning as Coercion
Police Interrogations and Confessions
Communicating Promises and Threats by Pragmatic Implication
False Confessions
Occurrence of False Confessions
Creation of False Confessions
An Empirical Study On Recall
Discourse Study
Interrogative Suggestibility & Delinquent Boys
Psychological Characteristics of False Confessors
Consequences of False Confessions
From the Paper
"Interrogation, as defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is the act of "questioning; formally and systematically." Interrogations within criminal justice systems are used to gather information relevant to investigations, and more importantly, to elicit confessions from suspects. Methods of interrogation have changed drastically throughout history, but the ultimate goal of obtaining confessions has held constant. While the whips and chains of the past have now exited the western world's interrogation rooms, many scholars argue that today's suspects are still subjected to psychological tortures. Psychological Interrogation is the most recent approach used by law enforcement officials to extract information from suspects."
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Women's Image in Advertisements, 2007.
This paper is an analysis of the portrayal of women's image in magazine advertisements in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), as based on a content analysis of the literature and on a convenience sample survey of 50 female students.
17,435 words (approx. 69.7 pages), 34 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper states that the the main purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of women's image in advertisements' contents as depicted in the most widely circulated Arab women magazines in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and to identify the effect of such contents in formulating the societal image of women. The study also examines how women feel about the presented image of women in advertising. The author points out that, in the UAE, women not only are gaining ground in workforce participation but also are filling positions once held primarily by men; however, this is not always reflected in ads. The paper indicates that the majority of female students felt that the relationship between the woman's image in published advertisements and society's view towards her is a highly positive one. The paper includes the data generated by the survey and several figures, tables and quotations.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Introduction
Need for the Study
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions
Procedures
Research Hypotheses
Review of Literature
Background and Overview
United Arab Emirates Today
The Impact of Advertisement
The Importance of the Visual Image in Advertisements
The Women's Image in the Visual Advertisements
Depiction of Women in Magazine Advertisements
Methodology
Sample
Instrumentation
Data Collection Procedures
Results
Data Analysis
Discussion and Conclusion
Discussion of Results
Recommendations
Questionnaire
From the Paper
"Arab information media have by and large been established on a weak economic base throughout the Middle East. For example, Arab newspapers were introduced when national incomes and populations were small, and the literacy rates were low; as a result, both advertising revenues and mass-circulation sales (the two primary sources of commercial newspaper income elsewhere), were restricted. Even after World War II, as the Arab economies enjoyed a new level of prosperity, advertising remained sufficiently insignificant to most Arab businessmen, and did not appear to represent a viable avenue of revenue-generation in the modest-circulation press, to enable newspaper publishers to generate many advertisements in the first place."
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The Pragmatic Aspect of Advertisements, 2007.
Compares the differences between the language of advertisements in newspapers in the United States and newspapers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
5,221 words (approx. 20.9 pages), 24 sources, MLA, $ 130.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the differences between the language used in advertisements in the United States and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It uses examples of English-language advertisements in both countries. It compares the same type of advertisements to determine what has changed in the use of language in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia print advertisements in mainstream newspapers in recent years. The paper then selects and analyzes advertisement content found in two representative newspapers in each country.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Study
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Rationale of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Background and Overview
Print Media in the U.S. and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Current Trends and Influences
Pragmatics and Content Analyses of Print Material
Research Questions
Chapter 3: Methodology
Theoretical Framework
Limitations of the Study
From the Paper
"Therefore, the importance assigned to pragmatic meaning of various textual elements does not end the primacy of their semantic meaning (Cook, 1992). Nevertheless, words have a wide range of influential factors involved for their user besides their denotation, which supposedly persists across different contexts, and its pragmatic function, which supposedly varies systematically across contexts. In this regard, Cook adds that, "These aspects of a word are so many and so vast that knowledge of them will vary considerably from user to user" (1992, p. 99). Consequently, all readers will bring some unique qualities to the interpretation of newspaper advertisements that will likely affect their decision whether to purchase a given product or service, but content analysis remains a subjective realm that requires the careful selection of relevant themes and how the results are interpreted to ensure that these factors are taken into account."
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Advertisements for The Times, 2007.
An analysis of how the content and style of advertisements change with the times.
806 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ways in which advertisements represent the culture of the times. It looks at advertisements from as far back as the 18th century and compares their style and content to the types of advertisements that are found in modern times. The paper discusses, briefly, how over time, it was no longer the product, but the advertisement of the product that was selling the item and it gives some examples to illustrate this.
From the Paper
"Some of the first advertisements that ran in the United States were, not surprisingly, for lost slaves. During the 18th century thousands of slaves escaped from their masters in the Southern colonies as seen by the huge number of advertisements in the newspapers. The amount of runaways was not large enough to harm the foundation of slavery. Slave owners took safety measures to prevent the problem from growing too large. In the Southern colonies, for example, an elaborate network of laws was established for the prevention, apprehension and punishment of these slaves. These laws developed concerned a number of different areas concerning fugitives. They were not completely effective, however, as proven by the number of slaves advertised as fugitives."
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False Memory Effects, 2003.
An investigation and explanation of false memory and why people use it.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explores what false memory is and how and why we use it. It also explores the difference between semantic and phonological processing. The effects of false memory and the varying factors influencing it including thought processing and time before encoding are investigated and discussed thoroughly. The papers also compares this experiement to other similar studies. The results are consistent across all participants and support the theory of false memory effects efficiently.
From the Paper
"One hypothesis that can be looked at is: HA: False memory effects are influenced by the depth of processing at encoding. HO: False memory effects are not influenced by the depth of processing at encoding. This can be studied by looking at the empirical results and searching for a large difference between the amount of unstudied critical words and the amount of unstudied unrelated words that are ?remembered? across the field of participants. Another hypothesis that can be tested is: HA: False memory effects occur for phonological as well as semantic associates of encoding lists. HO: False memory effects occur for only phonological associates of encoding lists. From the results, it cannot be proven that these types of false memory effects absolutely exist, but can be strongly argued that they do. The larger amount of participants used the better the result that we can achieve."
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What Do These Two Advertisements Mean?, 2006.
A comparison between two seemingly different advertisements that actually have a fair amount in common.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper compares two advertisements, those for (Item A) VO5 brand Power! Control Styling Gel and (Item B) the fragrance Goddess by Kimora Lee Simmons. This paper compares these particular advertisements due to their target audience, stereotypes portrayed, modern popular culture, traditional culture and the desires and beliefs of Western culture. This paper argues that, despite superficial similarities in the advertisements, closer examination reveals considerable differences between the two particularly in terms of appeal and target audience.
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Advertisements Analyzed, 2002.
Addresses three advertisements in terms of effective marketing strategies.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a detailed description of three hard- copy advertisements and a justification of which of these ads is the "best" ad. While this paper is an evaluative argument and therefore does not require additional support from outside sources, the writer is asked to justify which of the three advertisements is considered the most effective ad in terms of capturing the attention of the consumer and effectively directing this attention towards the product. Various additional factors, such as the purpose of the product and the relevance of the advertisement, are also of note.
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Children's Advertisements, 2002.
A look at the psychology of children's advertisements through an advert for J.C. Penney.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper is on a children's advertisement from J.C. Penney. Advertisements are often geared to draw the interests of the "child" in the adult. Boys are often used more than girls in advertisements.
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The Repressed/False Memory Debate and its Crucial Consensus, 2002.
Explores the nature of repressed memory and the ability of therapists to distinguish between true and false childhood memories.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
Summary: The repressed/false memory debate is marked by sharp polarities of what Loftus terms firm believers and skeptics who "point to the reconstructive nature of memory and ask for evidence and corroboration". The debate is far from theoretical since individual's reputations and futures are at stake. While the claims and arguments on both sides of the controversy will be discussed, the purpose here is to explore the nature of memory, repression and dissociation to determine if therapists can distinguish between true and false memories of childhood trauma.
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Cigarette Advertisements and Women, 2004.
This research deals with cigarette advertisements aimed at women.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 13 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
In this study, the writer examines cigarette advertisements that are aimed at women. The writer argues that the advertisements represent harmful speech and should not have First Amendment protection. The writer looks at the move in the 1990's against cigarette advertising and discusses consumer needs rather than the needs of big business.
From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the proposition that cigarette advertisements aimed towards women are in violation of the First Amendment. The plan of the research will be to show that the ads represent an instance of harmful speech and that as such, they are in direct violation of the First Amendment guarantee to be protected from such speech."
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Kant's "False Promise", 2002.
This paper discusses Immanuel Kant's view of a "false promise".
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that a false promise is always immoral. The author relates that the target of the false promise doesn't share the purpose or end of the liar's action.
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Personal Advertisements, 2007.
Studies the differences of men and women in the attributes they seek in a date by using a content analysis of personal advertisements.
2,805 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This research paper replicates a content analysis of personal advertisements by homosexual and heterosexual men and women that was done by M.H. Gonzales and S.A. Meyers (1993). The paper compares and contrasts the characteristics offered and requested by homosexual and heterosexual men and women in ads in 2007. Although the specific advertisements are not listed, the author includes the data coding sheets for characteristics offered and sought as written in the the "Vancouver Province" and the "Georgia Straight" newspapers. The paper reports that, overall, women are portrayed as beautiful. When people are looking for a date, they want one that is fun, easy to talk to, humorous and attractive.
Table of Contents:
Data Coding Sheet: Characteristics Offered
Data Coding Sheet: Characteristics Sought
Other Studies
From the Paper
"I have created two tables (adding a few categories: race, age, marital status, price and hair color) and will compare and contrast the characteristics offered and requested by homosexual and heterosexual men and women in ads in 2007 (14 years later!). I confess that this is not my idea of a great way to spend a day. Most happily married mothers read other things! My husband maintains that men don't place ads because women don't look in the paper for guys (I never did!). He says that women on the other hand do because men look at newspaper ads.'
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Advertisements in Political Campaigns, 2005.
A look at how advertisements can have national and even international ramifications when they are used to affect the outcomes of political campaigns.
1,509 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the effect that advertisements can have on the outcome of political campaigns and elections and how that influence can have national and international repercussions, especially when the advertisement campaigns present incomplete facts or misrepresent the truth.
From the Paper
"Good ads have a dramatic effect on viewers as they address psychological factors like emotions rather than rational ones and, therefore, their use in political campaigns should be limited. In addition, ads are formed to inform the public about the merits of purchasing a certain product or supporting a certain issue or a political candidate. They should positively inform the viewers of the truth by relying and sticking to the facts. However, according to Robert H. Wozniak in "Walter Dill Scott: the Psychology of Advertising," creating ads that are built around the facts and which talk to the viewers ' rationality, is not really valid advertising. This is because "advertising has as its one function the influencing of the human mind...As it is the human mind that advertising is dealing with, its only scientific basis is psychology" (Scott qtd. in Woznaik). He meant that ads have a direct influence on viewers as they communicate with the human brain directly as a bullet and ads affect the people psychologically not rationally. Ads tell people what they want them to be informed with or even what they don't want to hear but in a way that they can identify with. Accordingly, as Wozniak explains, ads are hurt because the human attention span is short. This is an essential observation regarding the nature of ads because it means that their length does not allow for the publishing of all the truth regarding a product or an issue. Instead, an ad will select facts and leave claims unexplained. The second vital feature regarding successful ads made by Wozniak is that they play on the viewers' emotions."
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