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David Sachs and the Fallacy of Justice, 2006.
This paper discusses justice through analysis of the article "A Fallacy in Plato's Republic" by David Sachs.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses David Sachs' article "A Fallacy in Plato's Republic". The writer shows Sachs' belief that Plato's argument in terms of his discussion of justice is radically flawed due to the fallacy of irrelevance. Further, the writer points out that Sachs argues that Plato fails to make a connection between the two types of justice discussed in the 'Republic'.
From the Paper
"David Sachs, in his article "A Fallacy in Plato's Republic", contends that Plato's argument in terms of his discussion of justice - one of the key elements of the Republic - is radically flawed due to the fallacy of irrelevance. By this, Sachs argues that Plato fails to make a connection between the two types of justice discussed in the Republic and that, instead of proving that justice is valuable in itself he argues only that it is valuable in its effects."
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Hasty Generalization Fallacy, 2005.
This paper examines the type of inductive untruth called the hasty generalization fallacy.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the concept of inductive fallacies and focuses on the hasty generalization fallacy, which makes assumptions about a population based on a very small sampling of perhaps one or two cases. The paper looks at the example of "goths" in mainstream media and how they have been assumed to be violent and antisocial based on the activities of only three people.
From the Paper
"From time to time, everyone makes assumptions about people and places without getting all the information. A friend might go to a restaurant and have bad experience of some kind and then tell everyone not to go there because the food is terrible or the waiter staff is rude. In the study of logic, these assumptions are called hasty generalization fallacies, which is a form of an inductive fallacy. Many of these generalizations are harmless, as long as you're not the owner of that restaurant, but there are some important ways that this type of fallacy can be extremely dangerous and harmful to large numbers of people. Bigotry is often a result of a combination of stereotyping and hasty generalization fallacies, whether it's against people of particular genders, races, or even fashion statements."
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Ethical Intuitionism and "Naturalistic Fallacy", 2002.
Explains the philosophical term ethical intuitionism and philosopher G.E. Moore's theory of "naturalistic fallacy".
948 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
Ethical Intuitionists philosophers espouse a meta-ethical theory that holds that some value terms, such as good, are indefinable and unanalyzable. This paper explores the views of philosopher G. E. Moore on ethical intuitionism in his work "Principia Ethica" and for his role in the formation of the ?Naturalistic Fallacy? - where natural properties and only natural properties are attributed to what constitutes the value of good.
From the Paper
"When many of us speak of intuition, we seem to view it as a process by which we attain an instant apprehension of truth. But Moore cautions us differently and points out that cognitions obtained via intuition are as susceptible to error as cognitions obtained empirically or experimentally. If they are, and there is much evidence to agree with him, doesn?t this suggest that intuition is ?obtained? via some deductive or reasoning or empirical process? What, then, is happening when two people disagree about the nature of good? How can we decide who is right and who is wrong? Must we simply abandon our efforts to find a resolution? That both sides could be right Moore rules out, since he views good as an objective quality. But are so many of us so ill-equipped that only some of us can intuit the true nature of good? Surely not; surely the problem lies with the theory."
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'Love is a Fallacy' by Max Shulman, 2005.
A literary analysis of the short story 'Love is a Fallacy' by Max Shulman.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 0 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the clever finality of this story which Shulman imparts on the narrator is that Polly has actually been trained well enough to actually refute the very man trying to impose his authority over her. According to this paper, all of the logic that has been taught to her is now used against the narrator, as Polly logically breaks down his sexism through the logic she has come to learn.
From the Paper
"In this literary study the short story "Love is a Fallacy" by Max Shulman will be analyzed. By critically pointing out the sexist nature of the narrator of the tale, Shulman uses arguments based on logic. However, the narrator's inability to realize his own hypocrisy in gaining a "trophy wife" through treachery and guise devolves his misogynist actions and behaviors. In essence, "Love is a Fallacy" uses hypocrisy, sexism and logic to create a devolving tale of a college student with an inferior intellect. The beginning of Shulman's story reflects an arrogant young college student who thinks that he is superior to his roommate, Petey Bellows. The first part of the story revolves around the narrator's inability to see how Petey is easily susceptible to 'fads' on campus. Shulman writes: A nice enough fellow, you understand, but nothing upstairs."
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Logical Fallacy and Critical Thinking, 2004.
A look at the relationship between logical fallacies, critical thinking and decision-making.
904 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews relationships between logical fallacies, critical thinking, and decision-making. The paper also identifies three logical fallacies and looks at how critical thinking is applied to the decision-making process with regard to each fallacy.
From the Paper
"In this paper three logical fallacies are defined. The significance of each logical fallacy to the process of critical thinking is explained and the general application of critical thinking to decision-making with respect to each logical fallacy is discussed. A logical fallacy is an argument that is defective because of faulty reasoning. Essentially, a logical fallacy occurs when one draws a conclusion from statements that do not in fact support the conclusion. The presence of a logical fallacy does not necessarily..."
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Fallacy and Critical Thinking, 2005.
Defines three common logical fallacies and examines their significance to critical thinking.
1,064 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines three logical fallacies namely: Begging the Question, Hasty Generalization and Appealing to Emotion. It presents examples of such fallacies in contemporary society and ties them into the concept of critical thinking.
From the Paper
"The Appeal to Emotion fallacy is committed when someone manipulates peoples' emotions in order to get them to accept a claim as being true (Labossiere, 1995). This is very common in politics and it serves as the basis for a large portion of modern advertising. Most political speeches are aimed at stirring and steering feelings in people to get them to vote or act a certain way. In the case of advertising, the commercials are aimed at evoking emotions that will influence people to buy specific products."
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Fallacy Analysis, 2005.
Logical fallacies are analyzes with regard to the Iraq war and same-sex marriages.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
An analysis of three examples of logical fallacies as applied to comments on the record of public discourse regarding the Iraq war and same-sex marriage.
From the Paper
"The modern public political discourse provides ample examples of logical fallacies that have significance for the fate of critical thinking not to say the fate of the republic . These examples are the subject of this research "
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The Fallacy of the American Dream, 2003.
A look at the sociological make-up of the American society and how the American Dream is a false depiction.
924 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
Picks apart the flaws in the American Dream, namely, that anyone born into poverty, invariably, can transcend their station in life by dint of hard work, persistence, initiative, and daring. The paper starts off talking about the American Dream's fallacies that everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed, the predetermination of the socioeconomic background, race, gender, and the statistical failure of minorities.
From the Paper
"The ideal of the American Dream, anyone "born into poverty, invariably can transcend their station in life by dint of hard work, persistence, initiative, and daring", promises hope for the poor(foot note). By exploiting stories that glorify the ability of the underprivileged to rise up from rags to riches, the media gives an empty hope and a false sense of reality to the public. By promoting the message, "each of us is judged solely on her or his own merits, we each have a fair opportunity to develop those merits; and ultimately, merit will win out," we only further the problem of unrealistic expectation(foot note). Faith in this message slows society's progress toward greater equality, providing the illusory image of a country where one's starting place does not have to determine where he finishes."
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Evolution Theory and The Fallacy of Generalizations, 2002.
A brief examination of the flaws of the evolution theory.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the evolutionary theory cannot make factual claims about the development of earth-based species because there is no empirical or observable evidence to prove the relations between changes that are recorded in the historical fragments.
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The Limits of Mind: On the Fallacy of the Design Argument, 2008.
This paper critiques the design argument based on arguments from William Paley's "The Watch and the Watchmaker" and David Hume's "A Critique of the Design Argument".
2,040 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This essay critiques the design argument, as explained in both William Paley's "The Watch and the Watchmaker" and in David Hume's "A Critique of the Design Argument". This paper also explains the features of the design argument and evaluates the argument in order to critique it. The author follows Hume in suggesting that the design argument is ultimately a failure due to the massive egocentricity inherent in assuming that God can be understood through an analogy to the human mind.
From the Paper
"The reason I have been rather pedantic in deconstructing Paley's analogy is twofold. Firstly, we have the problem of Darwin's theory of evolution. That is to say, the theory that explains that the mechanism or process that makes things fit is intrinsic to the system of nature itself. If you wish, Darwin's theory of evolution is akin to showing that the watch really does produce the watch and is the only creator thereof. Whether Darwin believed that God made it so or not is irrelevant--the point is that God can be taken out of evolution and the underlying principle of nature shown to be merely survival, and the survival of those traits which help us survive. Naturally, this system creates something which looks like it has been designed--because we have adapted to our environments, not because we have been created alongside our environments as a system always already in perfect harmony. Again, I am not concerned to argue that this is so--but this is merely an instance of the observer coming upon the watch and having no knowledge of the manufacturing processes involved in the production of mechanical objects, assumes that this watch is something which just exists, with no thought or evidence of processes that were involved in making it, because his lack of understanding of the need for those processes means he doesn't recognize them. Paley's argument is that we know something has been designed, because we recognize that the process by which it is constructed is one that requires thought--by I am suggesting that, when it comes to nature, we cannot know what the process is that is required to construct it, and therefore we cannot arrive at any certain deduction as to its having been designed by the method Paley describes. In fact, as I have shown, the only theory that describes the process (of evolution and survival) that creates, or recreates, nature is one that does not need to rely on design--at least not in any sense which we can understand, which brings me to my second criticism of Paley's analogy."
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Fallacies, 2007.
An analysis of three common fallacies and their significance to critical thinking.
987 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper details three common fallacies to critical thinking, particularly within an organization. It provides examples of each fallacy (analogy or false analogy, post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy and the straw man argument) and it addresses the significance of each fallacy in relation to critical thinking. The paper then examines the general application of fallacies in relation to decision-making.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Fallacies
Arguments and Fallacies
Common Fallacies
Critical Thinking and Decision- making
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The straw man argument is another logical fallacy. The straw man approach attempts to misrepresent an opponent's position on a subject to make it easier to attack the opponent. Using the straw man tactic, one would distort the view of the opponent to ridiculous extremes or attack the weak premises associated with the argument. An example of this form of logical fallacy is represented in an article published in The Vancouver Sun. The article specifically reveals how the straw man approach is used to discredit expert claims to the cause and effects of global warming and extreme weather events. In this article, the Vancouver Sun writer Morag Carter opposes the position of the editor of the Journal of Natural Hazards, Tad Murty. The Sun writer explains, Murty has been quoted in the press: "This [global warming] is the biggest scientific hoax being perpetrated on humanity". Murty goes on to explain, " There is no global warming due to human anthropogenic activities" (Carter, 2006). Carter uses this article to stress how Murty has used the straw man approach to attack the credibility of the claim that global warming is contributing to extreme weather events."
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Fallacies In Advertising, 1999.
Describes logical fallacies in 10 print advertisements (e.g. the false connection fallacy in the Mitsubishi advertisement).
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
Is the study of logic relevant to advertising? Is advertising, which is purely emotional, ever required to be also logical? Logical fallacies are highly suggestive and persuasive. Every day consumers are bombarded with one persuasive communication after another.
These appeals persuade not through the give-and-take of argument and debate, but through the manipulation of symbols and of our most basic human emotions. With the growth of communication tools like the Internet, the flow of persuasive messages has been dramatically accelerated.
From the Paper
"LOGICAL FALLACIES AS EXPRESSED IN ADVERTISING
Introduction
Is the study of logic relevant to advertising? Is advertising, which is purely emotional, ever required to be also logical? Logical fallacies are highly suggestive and persuasive. Every day consumers are bombarded with one persuasive communication after another.
These appeals persuade not through the give-and-take of argument and debate, but through the manipulation of symbols and of our most basic human emotions. With the growth of communication tools like the Internet, the flow of persuasive messages has been dramatically accelerated.
In this paper, 10 different examples of logical fallacies ..."
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Common Fallacies in Debate, 2006.
An overview of different fallacies commonly used in debate with examples that illustrate the fallacies.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper is an overview of sixteen common fallacies used in debate. The paper provides two examples of each in the hopes that students can better discern these fallacies when they emerge in debate and/or in academic literature. As a useful point, these examples can also be used to highlight the partisanship of leading politicians eager to spread their own agenda.
From the Paper
"Ad Hominem: personal attacks of any kind are ad hominem attacks. Two examples would be Al Franken's loud denunciations of Bill O'Reilly and others while another would be someone dismissing George W. Bush's policies because he is (allegedly) "stupid". Ad Populum: Two examples of ad populum fallacies would be recent gall-up polls showing weak support for the war in Iraq and/or an argument that insists that "most people" do not want gay marriage or an end to abortion."
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Logical Fallacies in the Media, 2006.
An understanding of logical fallacies by finding four logical fallacies of two types in the media.
810 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper demonstrates techniques that exist in the media that present facts and events that cause those viewing or listening to the media to respond in predictable ways. The paper reports how these 'logical fallacies' are very effective techniques for drawing forth the desired response from news media observers.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
I. Argumentum Ad Populum
II. Argumentum Ad Misericordiam
III. The Anonymous Authority
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Argumentum Ad Populum refers to that which is a commonly held belief. One example of this is the supposed fact, as touted by news media and the present Washington Administration that the country of Iraq had 'weapons of mass destruction' which where a threat to the national security and safety of the United States. In fact an entire war was based on these 'weapons of mass destruction' which have been found to most definitely 'not' exist. This use of the technique of 'Argumentum Ad Populum' has been used in the past by the government but not to this great extent or to the cost in terms of lives that these logical fallacies perpetrated. "
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Logical Fallacies.
This paper discusses logical fallacies, which are distressingly common in human thinking.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that personal attack is a form of fallacy in which the person presenting an argument is attacked instead of the argument itself, or a person may be attacked because of the association he or she keeps. The author points out that the bandwagon argument refers to the "Appeal to People" because people appeals often sway the population as a whole, which is type of "Fallacy of Relevance" because emotional reaction does not necessarily have any bearing on the truth or falsity of a conclusion. The paper relates that advertisements, organizational literature, CEO and manager appeals, and technology use within an organization are full of fallacies.
Table of Contents
Personal Attack
Bandwagon Argument
Appeal to Pity
Significance to Critical Thinking, Decision Making, and Organizational Examples
From the Paper
"In an appeal to pity, the reader is told to agree to the proposition because of the pitiful state of the author. An example of appeal to pity is, "We hope you'll accept our recommendations. We spent the last three months working extra time on it." This argument does not state the advantages of their recommendations as compared to other recommendations, rather states the fact of the number of hours worked on the recommendations. In other words, the arguer is trying to emphasize his/her pitiful state, which has nothing to do with the truth of the proposition."
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