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Drug Use and Addiction, 2008.
A review of the impetus behind drug use and addiction.
2,863 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This research paper reviews and examines various studies regarding the phenomenology of drug abuse and addiction in order to gain insight and understanding as to the forces that drive abusive and addictive behavior.
Outline:
Introduction
The Sociology, Psychology and Physiology of Addiction
The Grips of Addiction
From the Paper
"What this study suggests is that even when the individual's physical cleansing of the toxic drug is accomplished, that the psychology of the drug continues to be a catalyst for resuming abusive behavior, and that this behavior can be at a subconscious level, the compulsion that drives the individual back to the drug. In this case, Mark has identified stress as a precipitator to the motivation that causes individuals to resume the pattern of drug use, which leads to addiction because of the physiology associated with addictive drug use."
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Are Humans Reactive or Proactive?, 2008.
An analysis of "Technology, Trauma and the Wild" by Chellis Glendinning and "The Ancient Ones," a chapter about the Anasazi in Jared Diamond's book "Collapse".
1,193 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper examines "Technology, Trauma and the Wild" by Chellis Glendinning and "The Ancient Ones," a chapter about the Anasazi in Jared Diamond's book "Collapse", which both attempt to show how humans are reactive rather than proactive. The paper first explains that an advanced culture as the Anasazi collapsed because they did not learn from their past experiences. The paper then discusses Diamond's look at the environmental problem of today and Glendinning's view of technology addicts. Additionally, the paper explains Diamond's idea that people find it difficult to stop their use of damaging activities that they have become used to and looks at how Glendinning describes the disassociate behavior that occurs when people cannot get what they feel they must have.
From the Paper
"Why did such an advanced culture as the Anasazi collapse? According to Diamond, agriculture was such an integral aspect of this society that when the crops began to fail and finally the drought came in, they were unable to adapt. This same question is relevant today. Humans in most nations of the world are highly reliant on technology, or even addicted to it as Glendinning details, because of its benefits in health, mental and physical well being and entertainment/social life. Yet, as it is becoming increasingly known, this same technology is causing such problems as deforestation, tropical rainforests destruction, over-fishing, soil erosion and salinization, global warming, depletion of fresh water supply, energy exhaustion, toxics in air, water and soil and overpopulation. On top of this, according to Glendinning, other aspects in our society such as child abuse can also be seen as indicative of this technology addiction, as well as a possibility of beginning to disassociate if major changes occur."
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What Reality TV Tells Us About American Culture, 2008.
A discussion of the question as to whether reality TV brings out the worst in American culture or is it merely an example of what American culture is all about?
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The author of this paper examines the phenomena of reality television programs that are a large part of American television programming. The author seeks to discover whether such television programs focus on and bring out the worst aspects of American society or if, they are a mirror reflecting American culture and society as they really are. The author examines these phenomena primarily from a psychological point of view and present arguments and examples from current research and literature.
From the Paper
"However, psychologists and therapists feel that there is an aching psyche in the American culture that is using RTV as a cure, much in the way the Marx referred to religion as being the opiate of the people. Or as one writer updates it, "Is reality TV the crack cocaine of what critic Marie Winn calls the 'plug-in drug?'" (Breyer 100) RTV coupled with the massive bombardment of news, mostly bad, from around the nation and the world is numbing us to any emotional ties to reality. Javors compares RTV shows to the quick fix junk food restaurants and calls them "fast food programs" and states they are as bad for our minds as a constant diet of Double Whoppers with cheese and Chocolate Milk shakes would be to our bodies. She states that, "As a result, we are numbing ourselves to very real life challenges." (35)"
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"I Never Promised You a Rose Garden", 2008.
A review of "I Never Promsed You a Rose Garden" by Joanne Greenberg.
825 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 0 sources, $ 29.95
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Abstract
Joanne Greenberg's narrative "I Never Promised You a Rose Garden" details the internal and external struggles that surround schizophrenia through the main character in the story, Deborah Blau, a teenager who experiences a psychotic break. The author of the paper states that Greenberg explores the multifaceted etiology of the disease, showing not necessarily that schizophrenia is caused by childhood trauma but that childhood trauma can exacerbate a pre-existing condition or innate tendency. Furthermore, the paper's writer contends that Greenberg shows that schizophrenia does not occur in a vacuum but rather it develops as part of the matrix of a person's life and affects family members intensely.
From the Paper
"Blau flees to Yr often throughout the course of the narrative. Her therapist, Dr. Fried, tries to bring Deborah back to reality. Dr. Fried is a gentle, kind, understanding therapist who eventually breaks through to the troubled teen. However, Deborah does not break with Yr easily. She clings to her alternative world because it seems a far safer and more comfortable place than the harsh reality she knows. Deborah also forms much of her adolescent identity while on the psych ward and comes to accept the fact that she is abnormal, even "crazy." Deborah learns from her fellow inmates on the ward and reacts to their vicissitudes as if they were her own. Basically she internalizes and analyzes everything in a warped way. The author presents the psychosis of schizophrenia not from a clinical perspective but from a subjective one."
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Substance Abuse in Nurse Anesthetists, 2008.
A look at substance abuse in healthcare professionals, in particularly, nurse anesthetists.
6,640 words (approx. 26.6 pages), 31 sources, APA, $ 152.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of substance abuse in the healthcare profession, choosing to focus on nurse anesthetists. The paper examines the risk indicators that could attribute to substance abuse. The author also analyzes the susceptibility of nurses succumbing to the temptations of drug use as they have easy access to highly potent drugs.
Contents:
Introduction
Prevalence of Substance Abuse Among Health Care Professionals
The Actual Risk Indicators
Family History and Genetic Predisposition
Work-related Stressors
Work-related Stressors of Nurse Anesthetists
Other Stressors Outside Work
Easy Availability of Drugs
Signs and Symptoms of Substance Abuse
The Stigma on Nurses Suffering From Substance Abuse
The Conspiracy of Silence
Management of a Nurse with Substance Abuse
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In reality, there is more to the physicians and nurses than an unstained white uniform. They too, after all, are humans. Like any other person, they can be easily broken by stresses that come with their chosen occupations. They too, get sick. However, because they have been trained all these years to provide care to heal the sick, they find themselves in a confusing position when it is their turn to seek for help. Instead of seeking help, they attempt to solve their own problems. Some of them reach a point when they are in denial that they have problems at all."
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Drug Testing in School, 2008.
A look at the arguments for and against drug-screening programs in high schools.
1,478 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the benefits of random screening for athletes in high schools, the proven efficacy of a drug-screening program and the fact that drug testing facilitates early detection of drug abuse. The paper then focuses on the arguments against drug testing, including the privacy concern of the student, the financial cost of the tests and the loss of trust between students and teachers or parents. The paper further relates that drug testing is less effective as a deterrent compared with other interventions, it may result in false positives and may force students to take drugs that are not easy to detect but are more dangerous. The paper therefore concludes that a more promising alternative is to increase students' awareness of the dangers of drug abuse by means of after school educational programs, counseling sessions and most importantly, promoting their participation in extra-curricular activities.
Outline:
Drug Testing Benefits
Cons of Drug Testing
From the Paper
"Drug use among school students is a concerning issue for everybody including the students, parents, teachers and the society at large. As per the results of the 2006 Monitoring the Future (MTF) study almost 31.5% of high school seniors reported using marijuana at least once in the last one year while 18.3% reported to have used it within the last one month. [BJS] The abuse of prescription drugs was found to be on the rise with 15.4% of high school students reporting use within the last one year. The 2007 MTF study also revealed a decline in the perceived harmfulness of using MDMA (ecstasy) among high schoolers with an increase in its use from 2.4 to 3.5 % among 10th graders and 3 to 4.5% among 12th graders. [NIDA] Even alarming is the self reported fact that 25% of high schoolers gained access to drugs within the school property. However, the perceived dangers of drug abuse have not changed much from 1987 as is evident from the MTF graph. [BJS]"
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Intake Greetings: An Article Review, 2008.
A detailed analysis of the article "An Evidence-Based Perspective on Greetings in Medical Encounters," by Makoul, Zick, & Green.
857 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper is a positive review of the article "An Evidence-Based Perspective on Greetings in Medical Encounters," by Makoul, Zick, & Green, which contains a national survey to determine patient perspectives of intake greetings by doctors. The writer describes the motivation for the survey, the methods used to carry it out, and the statistics yielded by the survey. The article's suggestions on improving the education of new physicians are also noted, and the writer concludes by summing up the plus points of the article and explaining its importance.
From the Paper
"The researchers were filling a gap in the medical literature about patient preferences for doctors' greetings. Based on the assumption that appropriate greetings enhance the patient's experience, Makoul, et al (2007) conducted a large-scale nationwide telephone survey asking closed-ended questions to find whether or not patients preferred hand shakes, the use of their first and last names, and whether or not patients liked doctors to introduce themselves using both first and last names. The authors also sought evidence for how doctors most often do greet their patients in a formal clinical setting."
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Cognitive Development and Cochlear Implants, 2008.
A comparison of cognitive development of deaf children with and without cochlear implants.
1,240 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
A cochlear implant is an electronic device that is surgically embedded in the mastoid and an electrode array is surgically inserted in the cochlea. The device receives sound which is transmitted to the residual auditory nerve fibers in the cochlea. The author of the paper examines the effect of a cochlear implant on deaf children's cognitive development. The writer points to a number of research projects which show that the cognitive development of a deaf child is slower than that of a hearing child. The writer then goes on to examine the benefits such an implant brings to the deaf child.
From the Paper
"There have been studies that compare the communication and intellectual differences among children with and without cochlear implants, and among normal-hearing children. Thirty to forty percent of children with profound hearing loss will present with developmental delays in differing areas compared to those who can hear. Children with hearing disabilities also have a difficult time learning abstract words such as jealous or before and after; they also have difficulty learning words with multiple meanings. Children who have had their implants before the age of 5 have shown progress in language development at rates close or equal to that of hearing children (Bat-Chava, Martin, and Kosciw, 2005). The goal of early cochlear implant is to lessen the language gap between deaf children and those who can hear. It has also been found that children who are trained in oral communication have far better results in speech perception and production than those who are trained in total communication. Oral communication makes use of hearing and speech to learn language. On the other hand, total communication involves the learning of language through sign and oral communication strategies. The use of oral communication is made possible for children with profound hearing loss through cochlear implants."
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Kenneth Bancroft Clark, 2008.
A review of the efforts of Kenneth Bancroft Clark in combating racial segregation.
1,233 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the life of psychologist Kenneth Bancroft Clark who created a theory that would help revolutionize the social dynamics in America. The paper notes that Clark was a strong advocate of desegregation and dedicated his life to studying the ill effects of racial segregation.
From the Paper
"Kenneth B. Clark's contribution to the realization of an equal society did not stop there. He continued to gather data through research towards the implementation of desegregation in schools as well as other institutions. Furthermore, he advocated that no person should be judged according to the color of his skin alone. This was his message he attempted to broadcast to black and white audiences, academes, and government leaders. As a member of New York State's Board of Regents between 1966 and1975, New York's highest educational authority, he pushed state and local education authorities to desegregate public schools, as well as invoking integration in state colleges. Kenneth Clark also acted as an adviser to local and national policy makers."
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The Child Health Care Relief Act (HR-1106), 2008.
Describes the process by which the Child Health Care Relief Act (HR-1106) became public policy.
1,635 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Child Health Care Relief Act (HR-1106) is the direct response to the shortage of qualified mental health care providers for children. The paper lists of some of the key facts, which promoted this Act, such as leaving mental illnesses untreated can lead a child to suicide or a life of crime. The paper presents the major contents of theAact and the legislators involved in its passage. The paper also notes that this Act has led to other types of policy to support child mental health.
From the Paper
"Some proposed bills were introduced in Congress. Senator Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) introduced S.1572, the Child Health Care Crisis Relief Act of 2007, in order to establish forgiveness of college grants of advisers working in underserved areas. The Senator involved himself with Representatives Patrick Kennedy (Rl-1) and Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (FL-18) who introduced similar legislation in the House or Representatives last May. H.R. 2073 and S.1572 had made sure that America's young generation had enough availability to mental health professionals across the country."
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Evolutionary Psychology of Rape, 2008.
An examination of the theory that rape is an evolutionary reproductive strategy, and is a natural, biological phenomenon.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper examine the theory propounded by Randy Thornhill and Craig Palmer that rape has evolved as a reproductive strategy, and is a natural, biological phenomenon. The writer of the paper examines in detail Thornhill and Palmer 's theory and their arguments supporting their case. He then examines the theory in the light of existing research and presents the reader with both assenting and opposing arguments as presented by researchers including Jerry Coyne and Leda Cosmides and John Tooby.
From the Paper
"The aspect of Coyne's argument that appeared the weakest was his due focus on child molestation and homosexual rape. For a man, the act of having sex with a child or with another man is, by definition, maladaptive sexual behavior, because it is impossible for such sex to result in the transmission of genes. Therefore, to use the fact that both children and males are highly represented among rape victims to disprove the concept that rape behavior is the result of evolution is irresponsible science. Consensual homosexual sex is maladaptive sexual behavior, and the gene for homosexuality, if there is one, is not represented in a significant portion of the population. However, the rape gene, if there is one, would have to be highly represented in society, since the percentage of men who have forced sexual contact on a partner is much higher than the percentage of men who have engaged in consensual homosexual contact. Therefore, it is clear that these genes are not the same genes; as a result, one could be homosexual and still carry a gene that combines violence with sexuality. However, one's homosexual orientation would naturally translate that impulse to homosexuals. The same argument could be made for child molestation. Coyne's failure to acknowledge that possibility is his greatest weakness."
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"Bambi", 2008.
A look at the theories of Lawrence Kohlberg, Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud in reference to the film "Bambi".
1,001 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the Disney film "Bambi" and applies the theories of Lawrence Kohlberg, Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud to the film's portrayal of the birth of the young deer, its growing up and maturing, and the dangers and conflicts it experiences.
From the Paper
"The movie "Bambi" takes the viewer from the birth of the young deer through all the growing up and maturing issues, and through terrible dangers and conflicts, which most humans also experience as they move along through life. After Bambi has negotiated all the dangers - including being hunted, shot at, and having his mother killed by a hunter - he and his female companion start a family of their own. They have twins in the forest, which has now become green and flourishing with plant life around all the burned out trees.
"Moral development is part of the theme of the story, albeit unless a viewer is alert and looking for morality and child development themes, he or she might view Bambi as just another Disney animated feature film. But knowing ahead of time that Bambi has moral lessons of behavior - connected with family values - one can find a connection with the theories of Kohlberg, Piaget, Erikson and Freud."
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Operant Conditioning, 2008.
An explanation of the technique used for certain types of behavior modification, known as operant conditioning.
2,217 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper describes and explains the term operant conditioning as used in psychology to modify the occurrence and form of behavior. The author also provides a brief outline of the work carried out by the man who introduced this technique - B. F. Skinner.
From the Paper
"The term operant conditioning was invented by B. F. Skinner in 1937 in the background of reflex physiology, to differentiate what he was interested in; behavior that affects the environment - from the reflex-related subject matter of the Pavlovian conditioning. Operant conditioning is the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior. Operant conditioning is distinguished from Pavlovian conditioning as operant conditioning deals with the modification of "voluntary behavior" through the use of consequences, while Pavlovian conditioning deals with the conditioning of behavior so that it occurs under new antecedent conditions. The word "Operant Conditioning" was used by B.F.Skinner to clarify the effects of consequences of a specific conduct on the upcoming happening of that conduct. It can be categorized in four parts which are Positive and negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction. Positive and negative reinforcement help to make the conduct stronger, while punishment and extinction is a negative factor for the behavior and thus it weakens the activity or behavior. (B.F Skinner pg 429-432) The Positive Reinforcement describes a situation in which the behavior is supported or built stronger by the help of going through a positive condition. For instance: A mouse that is starving presses a bar in its cage and gets food. This food becomes a positive condition for the starving mouse. Thus this makes the mouse press the bar for more food so that he can get the food again. This action done by the mouse is supported by the end result of receiving food (i.e. a positive condition.
The Negative Reinforcement describes a situation in which the behavior is supported by the fear of avoiding a negative situation. For instance: A mouse is positioned in a cage and it instantaneously receives a mild electrical shock. The shock becomes a negative state for the mouse. And as the mouse presses a bar the shock discontinues. The mouse gets another electrical shock soon after which leads him to press the bar again and the shock discontinues again. The act of pressing the bar by the mouse is supported by the end result of stopping the shock which is a negative factor for the mouse. Thus a negative factor is naturally avoided by any being."
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Child and Adolescent Development Theories, 2008.
Compares succinctly three child and adolescent development theories associated with Urie Bronfenbrenner, Lawrence Kohlberg and Jean Piaget.
1,895 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews three child and adolescent development theories: Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, Lawrence Kohlberg's three stages of moral development theory and Jean Piaget's cognitive developmental stage theory. The author points out the interaction of cognitive, physical and emotional development on the overall development of the child. The paper concludes that, for children to reach their full potential in terms of development, the child or adolescent must be assisted in his or her individual development in each aspects of human growth, which are gaining cognition in terms of their thinking processes and developing physically and emotionally at a normal rate.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Cognitive-Developmental Stage Theory (Piaget)
Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner)
Three Stages of Moral Development (Kohlberg)
Three Key Concepts of Each Theory
Cognitive Developmental Stage Theory
Ecological Systems Developmental Theory
Three Stages of Moral Developmental Theory
Three Points of Similarity and Three Points of Difference
Two Points from Each Theory of Impact on Development
Summary and Discussion
From the Paper
"Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) proposed three stages of moral development to describe the manner in which individuals learn to discern 'right' from 'wrong' as they develop morality on more sophisticated levels. Kohlberg posits that these stagers of moral development are cumulative in nature and build upon on another. Kohlberg held that the moral development of the individual is a task that last throughout the life of the individual and that individuals often fail in developing moral understanding of a more advanced nature."
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Juvenile Multisystemic Therapy, 2008.
An overview of multisystemic therapy (MST) for serious juvenile offenders.
797 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the intensive family and home-based treatment program called multisystemic therapy (MST), which targets aspects in the youth's social network that are contributing to his antisocial behavior. The paper examines the research that suggests that MST is a promising approach to the treatment of serious antisocial behavior in youths. The paper notes that youths who have successfully gone through the program could be contributors and mentors for other troubled youth.
From the Paper
"Treating serious and violent juvenile offenders continues to be a major issue countrywide, particularly due to the significant social and economic costs required by these offenders. Such juvenile offenders have a much higher risk for mental and physical health problems, substance abuse, low educational and occupational attainment, and social difficulties. Traditional mental health and juvenile justice services have not had much success in reducing these youths' serious problems. As a result, researchers have looked for other ways to help chronic juvenile offenders. One of the most recent evidence-based approaches, which has shown positive results, is an intensive family- and home-based treatment program called multisystemic therapy (MST)."
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