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Hovercrafts, 2008.
A brief overview of hovercrafts, also known as air-cushioned vehicles (ACVs).
769 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the history of the hovercraft, its design and recent developments such as the heavy load air-cushioned vehicles (ACVs) and personal hovercrafts. The paper looks at potential developments with this technology and concludes that the technology will likely continue to contribute to new applications such as space exploration.
Outline:
Introduction
Hovercraft Developments
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The concept of a vehicle which would be able to travel on cushions of air was first proposed back in 1877 by the English engineer John Thornycroft, although Christopher Cockerell is credited with the actual invention. Cockerell developed and built the first hovercraft in 1955 (Johnson 550). It was constructed of balsa wood and powered by a small fan, reaching speeds of up to 12 mph over both land and water. It was not until 1959 that the first practical model was built by Saunders-Roe Ltd. who were predominantly an aircraft manufacturing firm. The hovercraft then entered public use in 1962, where the first passenger hovercraft began operation across the Dee Estuary in Scotland (Sebastian 179)."
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Isaac Newton, 2008.
A discussion of Sir Isaac Newton's inventions and discoveries.
1,589 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Sir Isaac Newton was one of the greatest mathematicians and physicists of all times with achievements in other domains such as alchemy, chemistry and even religion or philosophy. The paper looks at Newton's work "Optiks," a study which best emphasizes his work on light and color, and his work "The Principia" that explains Newton's three laws and his definition of gravity.
From the Paper
"Sir Isaac Newton is one of the greatest mathematicians and physicists of all times; usually presented by the historical documents of science as the academician who discovered the Law of Gravity, Newton also had great achievements in domains such as optics, mathematics, mechanics, alchemy, chemistry and even religion or philosophy. He was born in 1642 at Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire, where he started his education. In 1661 he became a student of the Cambridge University and in 1667 a Fellow of the Trinity College, when he discovered his passion for mathematics. He later on became a professor of the university, this period of his life being mainly dedicated to studying mathematics, physics and alchemy. Moreover, he made his first public scientific achievement, the invention, design and construction of a reflecting telescope and he also wrote "Principia", a study of mathematical principles applied on natural philosophy, which was only published in 1687 ."
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Political Science, 2008.
A review of Iran's nuclear development program and the opposition to the program.
1,765 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
The paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of Iran and its nuclear development program and the tension that it is creating within Western nations. The paper notes that the Iranian government has been involved in nuclear enrichment and development for years, and has hidden the program for eighteen years. The United Nations Security Council has ordered Iran to stop nuclear enrichment, which Iran has refused, saying it needs nuclear power, and needs to control its use inside its borders. The paper comments that the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has been involved in monitoring the situation in Iran and safeguarding nuclear sites in compliance with an international agreement, but Iran has refused to honor the UN and IAEA requests that it stop nuclear enrichment programs and stop building on a heavy water nuclear plant. The paper describes the debate and disagreement about how to deal with Iran and their nuclear program.
From the Paper
"While the IAEA is satisfied with some of Iran's policies, including Iran's experimenting with plutonium and the incidence of high-enriched uranium particles in the country. However, there are other issues that have not been resolved, including, "Iran's acquisition of centrifuge technology, contamination by highly-enriched uranium of samples taken at a university in Tehran, [and] Iran's possession of a document describing procedures for using uranium metal in hemispheres for a nuclear device and Iran's activities concerning polonium." While Iran has answered some of these lingering questions, they have not answered all of them, which makes many wonder about the exact intentions of the Iranian government, and leads them not to trust the government and to question its true intentions."
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Yucca Mountain, 2008.
An overview of the issues associated with the development of the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste project in Nevada.
1,892 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of nuclear waste. The paper specifically discusses the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste project in Nevada and the opposition to the development of this project.
From the Paper
"Nuclear waste has been a growing problem since the spread of nuclear power plants in the 1950s and 1960s. The power plants rely on radioactive rods to generate nuclear power, and when the rods are spent, they are still highly radioactive, and must be stored somewhere. Currently, the spent rods are stored around the country in many different storage facilities, but for safety, the government wants to consolidate the storage in a remote facility built especially to handle large amounts of nuclear waste. While the idea sounds plausible, there have been numerous problems with the site chosen for the storage facility since its inception. "
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Chernobyl and Literature, 2008.
This paper looks at literature discussing the impact of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the Chernobyl nuclear disaster and looks at writers who have made a profound impact on the response to the disaster. The writer notes that the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl, Soviet Union in 1986 was one of the worst disasters of the 20th century, and it has had horrible effects on the people who lived anywhere near the nuclear plant. The writer points out that many writers and artists have had a profound impact on the response to Chernobyl. The writer discusses that some writers are still contributing to that impact with continuing coverage of the aftermath of Chernobyl and how it has affected the citizens of Russia and worst of all, how it has affected their children, and continues to affect the area, more than 20 years after the disaster.
From the Paper
"Most of the families are extremely poor, and have little hope for the future. Authors De Jong and Knoth corroborate this poverty and hopelessness in their photo-essay that chronicles children and adults throughout the Belarus region. Some have committed suicide, others have abandoned their newborn children at hospitals because of their health conditions, and few have moved away, because they do not have the resources to do so. These authors graphically illustrate how horrible the disaster was, the magnitude of the radiation, and how radiation lingers throughout the region, but the people go on living their lives just as they did before. They bathe, fish, and hunt in contaminated rivers, eat contaminated food grown in contaminated soil, and live in towns and villages too contaminated to support life, yet the government does nothing."
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Galileo and Conflicts with the Church, 2008.
An examination of Galileo's work in the realm of astronomy, physics and mathematics and how the Catholic Church reacted to his views.
1,486 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the life and discoveries of Galileo. It specifically discusses the conflict of Galileo's discoveries with the Catholic Church. It looks at his work in the sciences of astronomy, physics and mathematics and his adoption of the Copernican astronomical theory. The paper also looks at the Catholic Church's reactions to his views.
From the Paper
"In the end, Galileo forever changed the the sciences of astronomy, physics and mathematics. Despite the attempts by the Church to silence his revolutionary work, Galileo continued. His work, was evaluated and validated by observers across Europe, in England, German and France. And, it would be Galileo's work that would encourage experimentation in physics, to test mathematical and physical laws. Sadly, it wouldn't be until more than 300 years later that the Church would recant their views, with Cardinal Paul Poupard, the head of an investigation by the church into Galileo's theory, statement in 1992 that said, "We today know that Galileo was right in adopting the Copernican astronomical theory" (qtd. Brauchli )."
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Iranian Nuclear Ambitions and American Options, 2008.
An examination of the threat posed by a nuclear Iran and the options for the rest of the world.
1,118 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the development of nuclear technology in Iran. It discusses the reasons that Iran gives for the developments and the views of the rest of the world regarding the issue. The paper focuses on the potential threat posed by Iran if it has nuclear power capabilities. The paper then looks at the options for addressing the threat that is posed by Iran.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Military Threat of a Nuclear Iran
Non-Military Threats of a Nuclear Iran
Options for Addressing the Threat of a Nuclear Iran
From the Paper
"However, unlike the Iraqi nuclear reactor destroyed by Israel in Natanz, the Iranian nuclear network comprise hundreds of individual facilities located underground in hardened bunkers and spread out throughout much of the country. It is, therefore, possible that without U.S. tactical assistance, Israel might eventually have only one option for preventing Iran from developing nuclear weapons: namely, a pre-emptive nuclear strike of its own. Given the inevitable blame that the U.S. will share throughout the rest of the Muslim world for such an attack, even without direct U.S. involvement, it might behoove this country to provide assistance to enable Israel to destroy the threat using the latest U.S. conventional (i.e. non-nuclear) technology capable of achieving the objective without the unavoidable death of millions in Iran."
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Nuclear Weapons and Moral Choices, 2008.
An exploration of the moral beliefs held by the scientists instrumental in developing the nuclear atomic bomb.
2,871 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
The paper presents the thesis that the physicists instrumental in the design and development of the nuclear atomic bomb held a level of pride in their accomplishment as well as regret for its potential for destruction, death and war. The paper describes the Manhattan Project and examines the personal moral standards of the scientists who developed it. The paper shows how regrets were certainly held by Bethe, Oppenheimer, Haber and other scientists and physicists sharing in the atomic energy and weaponry projects.
Outline:
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
The Manhattan Project
Moral Responsibility of the Physicist
Hans Bethe
Julius Robert Oppenheimer
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The work entitled: "Invisible: Atomic Bomb Efforts in the US, USSR and National Socialist Germany" relates that governments and physicists both came to realize "simultaneously...that their discoveries had military potential. If any nation could harness the energy of nuclear fission in an explosion, a super bomb would be possible." (Open Society Archives, 2007) The second World War erupted in Europe in 1939 and the publications concerning nuclear subject matter "disappeared from scientific journals and the race to the nuclear bomb was on." (Open Society Archives)"
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Attenuation, 2008.
A brief look at the use of attenuation in ultrasound scans.
841 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the anatomy of attenuation and how it is used in ultrasound scans to determine to a higher degree the image quality of a CT scan. The paper looks at several studies on CT imaging results and the use of attenuation-corrected images.
From the Paper
"Attenuation means a reduction in intensity and amplitude in a radio signal. Radio signals are used in medicine in the medium of ultrasound. Measured in decibels (dB) per unit length of medium, attenuation is represented by the coefficient of the medium in question (dB/cm, dB/km, and so forth) (Zagzebski 3).
"Attenuation is used in ultrasound physics and is the reduction of the beam amplitude, as a function of the distance it goes through the medium being imaged. One has to account for attenuation effects because reduced signal amplitude affects the image quality. By adjusting the amplitude to account for the attenuation in the ultrasound beam going through the medium, loss of energy at the desired depth is achieved (Bushong 2)."
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Environmental Implications of Depleted Uranium, 2008.
An examination of the history of the use of depleted uranium and its environmental and ethical implications.
2,634 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the environmental problems associated with the main final byproduct of nuclear waste, which is known as depleted uranium (DU). The paper first describes the history of the use of depleted uranium. It then discusses the associated ethical concerns, as well as environmental observations after wartime use of depleted uranium munitions. The paper contains graphs and figures.
Table of Contents:
Introduction and Outline of the Main Issues
Depleted Uranium Ordinance
Ethical Concerns
Environmental Observations After Wartime Use of Depleted Uranium Munitions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The most disturbing implications of all concern the discrepancy with which nuclear waste is handled and regulated to ensure its relative safety in the U.S. compared to the complete disregard that is apparent on the part of U.S. authorities in charge of occupied Iraqi territory. As the leader of global philanthropy and human rights throughout the world, the U.S. has a moral obligation to minimize the unintended environmental and human impact of its weapons of war on noncombatants. It may very well be the case that the use of DU ammunition is a necessary evil of 21st Century conflicts. Nevertheless, the moral imperative that is part and parcel of its justified use in wartime is to minimize, rather than ignore its lasting effects after cessation of hostilities."
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Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 2008.
An examination of the impact and necessity of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.
1,420 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. It discusses the impact of the bombings from the perspective of the human damage it caused among the Japanese population. The paper then examines the real necessity of a nuclear strike against the war time enemy, Japan, while taking into account the war conditions and the deterioration of the relations between the US and the USSR.
From the Paper
"Finally, there is also the moral issue to be taken into account. There have been numerous discussions over the moral legitimacy of creating casualties and causing death in order to reach peace. More precisely, the use of nuclear technology does not offer the possibility to make clear distinction between combatant and non combatant forces; also, it cannot control its immediate, as well as long time effects. These arguments came especially following the attacks, when the medical consequences became visible. Indeed, there is no moral argument to justify the use of weapons against possible civilians. The nuclear bomb lacks any precision in targeting solely military targets without causing casualties. Although its use cannot be justified from a moral perspective, it can be seen as a means to put an end to a war that had taken millions of lives up to 1945. The impact the attacks had on Japan determined, or at least influenced, the Emperor's decision to surrender unconditionally. In this way, the death of approximately 200 thousand people can be pragmatically viewed as a price for the survival of possibly other millions of people that would have lost their lives should the war had continued."
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Nuclear Power, 2008.
This paper addresses the concerns associated with using nuclear power.
1,129 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at concerns associated with nuclear power and breaks them down into three perspectives: emotional, logical, and ethical. The paper first discusses the emotional perspective, noting that it is one that is very easy to understand. The paper then discusses the issue from a logical perspective and argues that, from this perspective, the emotional concerns about nuclear energy are unfounded for several reasons. The paper presents these reasons and then discusses the ethical perspective, explaining that this perspective is closely related to the logical perspective. The paper concludes that all human endeavors of large scale involve certain risks and just as we do not prohibit vehicular travel, we should not worry about using nuclear energy in principle. Rather, the focus of ethical concerns should be to ensure appropriate management and oversight of nuclear power generation and not on whether or not nuclear energy should be used.
Outline:
Introduction
Emotional Perspective
Logical Perspective
Ethical Perspective
Conclusion
From the Paper
"When Albert Einstein introduced his Special Theory of Relativity in 1905, he revolutionized the future of man on Earth. One of the implications of Einstein's theory, represented by the infamous equation E = mc2 was the equivalence of mass and energy. This equivalence meant that very small amounts of energy represented tremendous amounts of energy, which could be released through nuclear fission (Rennie, 2003)."
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1962 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2008.
A review of the background to the Nobel prize, the life of Lev Davidovich and the establishment of the Landau Institute.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the background to the awarding of Nobel prizes and the manner in which the selection is made. The paper then turns to the specific award made to the winner of the Nobel prize in physics in 1962, Lev Davidovich and continues with a discussion of his life story. The paper discusses his many awards and achievements culminating in the establishment in 1965 of the The L.D. Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics in Russia.
Outline:
Introduction
Lev Davidovich Landau
The Landau Institute
From the Paper
"Eventually, the names are weeded out through a selection process until a winner is selected. While this might seem like a long and arduous process, Alfred Nobel himself had insisted on this type of process (Dorozynski, 1965). He believed it was part of what made the prize important (Dorozynski, 1965). Despite this kind of selection criteria, however, over the many years that the prizes have been awarded some people have been omitted that others think should not have been. In addition, some of the people that have won awards have also been argued against by others in the same discipline."
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"Dirty Nuke" Terror Devices, 2008.
Examines the terror device called a "dirty nuke" known as a radiological dispersion device (RDD).
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a "dirty nuke", a radiological dispersion device (RDD), is a combination of conventional explosives and radioactive material designed to scatter dangerous and sub-lethal amounts of radioactive material over a general area. The author points out that the consensus among experts is that that terrorists are more likely to use a "dirty nuke" rather than a conventional nuclear bomb because materials for this device are more accessible and it does not require as high a degree of technological knowledge to create as does a conventional nuclear bomb. The paper relates that, while not as destructive, a "dirty nuke" can create terror and destruction on a large scale.
From the Paper
"As experts point out, there is a great fear in the public perception of radiation and if a "dirty nuke" is detonated in a city the danger of contamination would mean that the inhabitants would firstly have to be immediately evacuated. This leads to another important reason why the terrorists would use this type of bomb; namely, that large-scale evacuations are extremely costly. However, the greatest damage would be the psychological rather than the radioactive fallout."
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Radio Frequency Identification (Rfid) Security, 2008.
A study on the limitations that presently exist with RFID technology.
758 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper presents a proposal for research of RFID security and relates how this technology might be improved upon. The paper further examines the latest developments in RFID technology including that of GEN 2. The paper states that identity management is a critical issue for RFID technology and until these issues are resolved, the need for better identity management will serve as a barrier for implementation of RFID technology. The paper concludes with recommendations for further research.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Literature review
Summary & Recommendations for Research
From the Paper
"Noted as well in this report is the fact that percent of survey respondents held the number one priority to be national security. It was stated by 56 percent of those participating in the study, all of whom are government IT professionals that they had either "...seen or heard about someone violating their organization or agency's security protocols." (Security Products Magazine, 2008) Watson (2008) states in the work entitled: "Clear Vision: RFID Emerges as Powerful Security Tool" that while RFID security applications "...are easily categorized into tracking personnel and assets, companies are unlikely to find prepackaged RFID solutions from vendors. There is no off-the-shelf RFID..." and furthermore while RFID components have undergone standardization there is no guarantee of RFID component plug-and-play applications. (Watson, 2008; paraphrased) In fact, Ravi Pappu, co-founder and head of the advanced development group for Thing-Magic in Cambridge, Mass states that there is "some black magic that goes on to make an RFID system work."
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